Makalah Derivation Semantics

CHAPTER I

DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Derivation

According to Bauer and Katamba, derivation deals with new lexeme formation through affixation the word. Based on Haspelmath and Sims, derivation formation change the word-class of the base. Therefore, that the process of derivation is either changing the meaning. Derivation acts to change the semantic meaning of a root or the class of the base to which they are attached or changing the word-class that a base belongs to. The changing of word-class can be noun to verb, verb to noun or adjective to noun. Derivation is addition of an affix. Affix is the tool of word formation in derivational process. Affix is a bound grammatical unit which is not categorized as a word, but it can attach to other units to form a word or a new word.
Derivation is the process of forming new word on the basis of an existing word. It often involves the addition of morpheme in the form of preffix or suffix. Derivation stands in contrast to the process of inflection, which means the formation of grammatical variants of the same word.
Derivation is a process of word formation through the addition affix, which can be a prefix or suffix. The resulting new word will have a different meaning of the word essentially. Derivatives are derivatives derived from other words or from the base or base verb or properties and the like. Particle added called affixes. Particle is added at the beginning of a word is called a prefix, in the middle is called infix, and at the end is called a suffix.

1. Prefix
The addition of the prefix change the meaning of the word, but it does not change the type of word.
Example:
(a-): asleep
(dis)-: dismiss
(in-): insufficient, incorrect
(out-): outdoor, outgoing
(post-): postpone
(re-): rewrite

2. Suffix
Suffix can be used to form nouns, employment, information, and nature. Suffix will change the type of word origin.
Example:
(-ly) changes adjectives into adverbs (slow = slowly)
(-ness) changes adjective to noun (slow = slowness)
(-ise) changes adjective to verb (modern = modernise)
(-ish) changes adjective to adjective (red = reddish)
(-fy) changes noun to verb  (glory = glorify)
(-al) changes noun to adjective (recreation = recreational)
(-ly) changes adjective to adverb (personal = personally)
(-able) changes verb to adjective (drink = drinkable)
(-ance) change verb to noun (deliver = deliverance)
(-er) change verb to noun ( write = writer)

B. Morphological, Syntactic, and Semantic Processes of Derivation

1. Morphological
The definition of Morphological is about minumal units of meaning. Morphology could be defined as a branch of linguistics that studies and describes how words are formed and structured in a language.
Then, Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units in language. It is not equal to words. There are kinds of material in the study of mophomes. There is derivation. Derivation is the process of forming new word on the basis of an existing word. It often involves the addition of a morpheme in the form of a prefixes or suffixes. Derivational can change the category of the word it’s attached to, will result in new dictionary entry. However, not all derivational morphemes cause a change in grammatical class.
There is a vast list of morphemes, and many rules to do with ordering etc. Best to be familiar with a few examples of Noun => Adjective, Adjective => Adverb, Verb => Adjective, Adjective => Verb, Verb => Noun.

Example:
Word “Unsystematic”
Noun + “atic” = Systematic
“un” + adjective = Unsystematic
The first step attaches a derivational suffix “atic” to the (free) root noun. This forms an adjective. The second step takes this adjective and attaches a derivational prefix “un”, creating a new word, with the same category.

Here, we have others example:
Adding suffix (-ly) changes adjectives into adverbs:
Slow = slowly
Clear = clearly
Tight = tightly
Valid = validly
Perfect = perfectly
Adding suffix (-able) that changes verb to adjective:
Drink = drinkable
Change =changeable
Question = questionable
Teach = teachable
Work = workable

2. Syntactic
According to Jespersen, syntax as a discipline that looks at grammatical facts from their side of their meaning or signification. Therefore, according to  Jespersen syntax deals with grammatical facts taking into account the meaning of words.
Based on the definition above, we can conclude that syntactic is about a sentence structure. Syntactic theory is about the rules and principles that determine how people combine words to make meaningful sentences. Then, sentences are not just strings of words, in the same way that words are not just strings of morphemes. There are strict syntactic rules about the structure of sentences. We know how to combine words in specific way to reach a certain meaning. Languages differ not only in sounds, or the way words are put together, but also the ways in which words can be put together into larger units. Syntactic is the rules about how words can be put together differ according to language spoke, dialect spoken, social group, time frame etc.

Example:
Bit A The Dog Cat
The word above can be change based on the syntatic, as follows:
A cat bit the dog
The cat bit a dog
A dog bit the cat
The dog bit a cat
From the sentences above, all of these have specific, and different meanings. These different meanings come about solely from our combinations of words.

3. Semantics Processes of Derivation
Semantics process of derivation is about describing the meanings that are added when a verb becomes a noun, a noun becomes an adjective, an adjective becomes a verb. Nouns represent entities, verbs represent activities or states, and adjectives represent qualities or characteristics. When a verb is converted to a noun, the noun may refer to a concrete entity a person, object or place associated with what the verb signifies. The noun may be a way of treating the activity or status as an entity, a thing that can be quantified.
The simple sentence:
He kicked it.
From the sentence above, a verb kick, there is no indication of how many times he kicked it; the information can be added to the sentence, but not to the verb itself. Conceivably there could be a verb that mean to make one contact with the foot, another to mean between two and ten such contacts, another to mean more than ten—but this would be quite different from what actually exists in the semantic system of English. Quantity is not a semantic feature of verbs. In contrast, if we use the count noun kick to fill this blank, He gave it ____, we are forced to choose a kick or a couple of kicks, several kicks, or some other expression that, precisely or loosely, indicates the number. The verb kick cannot be quantified; the noun kick must be.
Similarly, from adjectives like hard and stingy nouns hardness and stinginess can be formed; the adjectives can be preceded by little words, qualifiers, that intensify or lessen the meanings they convey (very hard, rather stingy); the nouns cannot be modified this way. Most such nouns are abstractions—heat, stinginess, for example—a way of reifying the qualities expressed by hot and stingy, treating them as ‘things.’ When a verb is derived from a noun, an entity becomes a predicate—an activity or status—losing its quantifiable nature but becoming part of a tense-aspect system. Whatever soldier, for instance, might mean as a verb, it yields the possibilities of soldiered, is soldiering, would have been soldiering, and so on. Then, when an adjective like rich is converted to a verb enrich, there is no longer the possibility of quantifying modifiers like very, somewhat, or too associated with the quality ‘rich’; instead, temporal modification is required. Furthermore, the adjective, a stative predicate, is converted to a causative predicate. A noun or verb converted to an adjective gives a word that names a quality associated with some entity (e.g. milky) or act (e.g. congratulatory). Many such adjectives, however, are simply linguistic conversions: an adjective like periodic does not really mean something different from period; it has only a different use in sentences.

D. Inchoative, Causative, and Resultative Forms
An inchoative or causative verb pair is difined semantically; it is pair of verb which express the same basic situation (generally a change of state, more rarely a going on) and different in that causative verb meaning includes an agent participant who causes the situation, whereas in the inchoative verb meaning includes a causing agent and present the situation as occuring spontaniously.
Example:

Inchoative
The stick broke.
The stone moves.
The city destroyed.

Causative
The girl broke the stick.
Ronaldo moves the stone.
The ice breakes.
Leonardo breakes the ice.
The soldieres destroyed the city.

Inchoative verb are generally intransitive and causative verb are transitive but the inchoative or causative opposition is more reitricted than intransitive or transitive opposition. The inchoative member of on inchoative or causative verb pair is semantically similar to the passive of the causative (the stick was broken) but it crucially differ from it in that agent is not just unexpressed, rather, the situation is conceived of as occuring without an agent, spontanesouly. This does not mean that there cannot be agent in the objective situation .in the melting process is persumabbly caused by the same factors as in but also it is conceptualized as occuring spontaneously.
Example:

Inchoative: The snow woman melted.
Causative: The sun melted the snow woman.
The reason why inchoative or causative verb alternations are so interesting for linguistic tipoly is that they are expressed in such different ways a cross language which we can indicate that semantic relation between the inchoative  and the causative member is inderteminat  in the sense explained in section. However, one of the five expression types the causative alteration is also used to expressed semantic relation other than the inchoative / causative relation .In many language causative can be formed a wide range of verb including transitive verb.

E. Conversion or Zero Derivation
Conversion is also called zero derivation, it is a kind of word formation involving the creation of a word (of a new word class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form, which is to say, derivation using only zero.
For example, the noun green in golf (referring to a putting – green) is derived ultimately from the adjective green. Some derivations can occur without any change of form, for example telephone (noun) and to telephone. This is known as conversion or zero derivation. Some verbs and adjectives in English can be used directly as nouns without the addition of a derivational suffix. Some examples include:
Change:
I need a change. (change = noun)
I will change. (change = verb)
Murder:
The murder of the man was tragic. (murder = noun)
He will murder the man. (murder = verb)
In addition to true zero-derivation, English also has a number of words which, depending on subtle changes in pronunciation, are either nouns or verbs. One such type, which is rather pervasive, is the change in stress placement from the final syllable of the word to the first syllable.
Progress:
Progress is impimportant. (progress = noun)
Our plan must progress nicely. (progress = verb)
An additional case is seen with the verb use, which has a different pronunciation when used as a noun.
Use:
The use of drugs is dangerous. (use = noun)
Use your fork! (use = verb)
Conversions from adjectives to nouns and vice versa are both very common and unnotable in English; much more remarked upon is the creation of a verb by converting a noun or other word (e.g., the adjective clean becomes the verb to clean).
In such cases a root morpheme is converted from one part of speech to another without the addition of either a prefix or suffix to the root.
Example: Cook (agent noun) is derived from cook (transitive verb) just as painter (agent noun) is derived from paint (transitive verb).We just happen not to have a word cooker, meaning a person who cooks, in English. The lack of such a form which would otherwise be derivable according to regular word formation patterns is sometimes referred to as a ‘lexical gap’. Cook (noun) is an example of zero-derivation.

How to analyze zero derivation ?
Firstly, give the part of speech of the capitalized word (including transitive or intransitive for verbs), arriving at your answer on the basis of its use in the given sentence. Secondly, give the part of speech of the word from which the example word is derived (the ‘source word’). Finnaly, give an example sentence using the source word.We have done the first one for you.

Such examples show that processes of derivation can often be ‘invisible’, because no morphological process is involved. When what is apparently the ‘same’ word is used in two different parts of speech, as in these examples, there is usually a semantic process involved as well, i.e. a change of sense of some sort. Thus, for example, open (the adjective) denotes a state, whereas open (the derived intransitive verb) denotes an action. The difference between states and actions is a difference in meaning, a semantic difference. It is simply a difference that is not reflected in a morphological change in the root word. Just as derivation can sometimes involve both semantic and syntactic processes, but no morphological process, cases also occur of morphological and semantic processes without an accompanying syntactic process (i.e. without a change in part of speech.)

BAB II

CONCLUSION

From the explanation above, the writer conclude that derivation is forming a new word, change the word classes and the meaning. Derivation acts to change the semantic meaning of a root or the class of the base to which they are attached or changing the word-class that a base belongs to. The changing of word-class can be noun to verb, verb to noun or adjective to noun. Derivation is addition of an affix, can be preffixes or suffixes. Derivation can see in the morphological, syntactaic, and semantics in process or derivation.
Conversion is also called zero derivation, it is a kind of word formation involving the creation of a word (of a new word class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form, which is to say, derivation using only zero.

REFERENCES

Bauer, Hernandez, 2005, Approaches to Conversion/Zero –Derivation,
Book, Cambridge University Press.
James R. Hurford, Bredon Heasly, and Michael B. Smith, 2007, Semantics a Course
Kellin, 2012, Morphology and Syntax, The University of Edinburgh.
Kreidler W, Charles., 1998, Introducing English Semantics, (London and New York: Routledge.
Maria Garcia Bueno, 2016, Adjectives in English and their lexicographical treatment: morphological, syntactic and semantic aspects, Universidad De Jaen: Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacion.
Muklash Abrar, 2014, Derivation of Indonesian Language in Three Indonesian Texts, (Jambi: English Department, Universitas Jambi.
Waxmann Munster.
Www.slideshare.net/SilentUFO/morphology-presentation-print